Effects of Different Inflammatory Factors on Hepatocyte Kinase Receptors and Ligands in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the effects of different inflammatory factors on hepatocyte kinase receptor(Eph)and ligand(ephrin)in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts(hPDLFs).Methods hPDLFs were stimulated with either 10 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)or 10 ng/ml interleukin(IL)-1β,and then the expressions of Eph and ephrin at both mRNA and protein levels were determined at 0,1,2,6,12,and 24 hours.Results The levels of Eph receptors and ephrin ligand changed in a time-dependent manner in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts after treatment with TNF-α or IL-1β. The expression of ephrinA2 significantly increased in both groups within 24 hours(all <0.05). In the TNF-α group,the mRNA expression of ephrinA2 significantly increased at 1 h and was significant higher that in the IL-1β group at 24 h(<0.05). EphB4 showed a time-dependent decline after a short period of high expression.Conclusions Both TNF-α and IL-1β can cause changes in the expressions of Eph receptors and ephrin ligands in hPDLFs. The changes induced by both are consistent,although the effect of TNF-α is more pronounced.

An integrated review on new targets in the treatment of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is a complex chronic pain state caused by the dysfunction of somatosensory nervous system, and it affects the millions of people worldwide. At present, there are very few medical treatments available for neuropathic pain management and the intolerable side effects of medications may further worsen the symptoms. Despite the presence of profound knowledge that delineates the pathophysiology and mechanisms leading to neuropathic pain, the unmet clinical needs demand more research in this field that would ultimately assist to ameliorate the pain conditions. Efforts are being made globally to explore and understand the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for somatosensory dysfunction in preclinical pain models. The present review highlights some of the novel molecular targets like D-amino acid oxidase, endoplasmic reticulum stress receptors, sigma receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels, histone deacetylase, Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ryk, ephrins and Eph receptor tyrosine kinase, Cdh-1 and mitochondrial ATPase that are implicated in the induction of neuropathic pain. Studies conducted on the different animal models and observed results have been summarized with an aim to facilitate the efforts made in the drug discovery. The diligent analysis and exploitation of these targets may help in the identification of some promising therapies that can better manage neuropathic pain and improve the health of patients.

EphA2 Receptor Signaling Mediates Inflammatory Responses in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Eph receptors and ephrin ligands have several functions including angiogenesis, cell migration, axon guidance, fluid homeostasis, oncogenesis, inflammation and injury repair. The EphA2 receptor potentially mediates the regulation of vascular permeability and inflammation in response to lung injury. METHODS: Mice were divided into 3 experimental groups to study the role of EphA2 signaling in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model i.e., IgG+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group (IgG instillation before PBS exposure), IgG+LPS group (IgG instillation before LPS exposure) and EphA2 monoclonal antibody (mAb)+LPS group (EphA2 mAb pretreatment before LPS exposure). RESULTS: EphA2 and ephrinA1 were upregulated in LPS-induced lung injury. The lung injury score of the EphA2 mAb+LPS group was lower than that of the IgG+LPS group (4.30+/-2.93 vs. 11.45+/-1.20, respectively; p=0.004). Cell counts (EphA2 mAb+LPS: 11.33x10(4)+/-8.84x10(4) vs. IgG+LPS: 208.0x10(4)+/-122.6x10(4); p=0.018) and total protein concentrations (EphA2 mAb+LPS: 0.52+/-0.41 mg/mL vs. IgG+LPS: 1.38+/-1.08 mg/mL; p=0.192) were decreased in EphA2 mAb+LPS group, as compared to the IgG+LPS group. In addition, EphA2 antagonism reduced the expression of phospho-p85, phosphoinositide 3-kinase 110gamma, phospho-Akt, nuclear factor kappaB, and proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: This results of the study indicated a role for EphA2-ephrinA1 signaling in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced lung injury. Furthermore, EphA2 antagonism inhibits the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway and attenuates inflammation.

The role of EPH receptors in cancer-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition / 癌症

Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma (EPH) receptors are considered the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases and play key roles in physiological and pathologic processes in development and disease. EPH receptors are often overexpressed in human malignancies and are associated with poor prognosis. However, the functions of EPH receptors in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remain largely unknown. This review depicts the relationship between EPH receptors and the EMT marker E-cadherin as well as the crosstalk between EPH receptors and the signaling pathways involved EMT. Further discussion is focused on the clinical significance of EPH receptors as candidates for targeting in cancer therapeutics. Finally, we summarize how targeted inhibition of both EPH receptors and EMT-related signaling pathways represents a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

Brain-Region Specific Apoptosis Triggered by Eph/ephrin Signaling

Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins, are abundantly expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the early embryonic brain. Overstimulation of Eph signaling in vivo increases apoptotic cell death of neuroepithelial cells, whereas null mutation of the Eph gene leads to the development of a larger brain during embryogenesis. Thus, it appears that Eph-ephrin signaling plays a role in regulating apoptotic cell death of neuroepithelial cells, thereby influencing brain size during embryonic development. Interestingly, Eph-ephrin signaling is bi-directional, with forward signaling from ephrin- to Eph-expressing cells and reverse signaling from Eph- to ephrin-expressing cells. However, it is not clear whether this forward or reverse signaling plays a role in regulating the size of the neuroepithelial cell population during early brain development. Also, Eph receptors and their corresponding ligands are mutually exclusive in their expression domains, and they encounter each other only at interfaces between their expression domains. This expression pattern may be a critical mechanism for preventing overstimulation of Eph-ephrin signaling. Nevertheless, Eph receptors are co-expressed with their corresponding ligands in certain brain regions. Recently, two studies demonstrated that brain region-specific apoptosis may be triggered by the overlapping expression of Eph and ephrin, a theme that will be explored in this mini-review.

Papel das interações mediadas pelo receptor EphB2 sobre a migração de precursores de células T / Role of EphB2 receptor-mediated interactions in migration of T-cell precursors

A colonização do timo por precursores hematopoéticos representa um evento crucial para o desenvolvimento deste próprio órgão, assim como garante a diferenciação e a formação do repertório de células T maduras. Entretanto, os mecanismos moleculares que dirigem este processo não são totalmente conhecidos. A entrada destes precursores depende da ativação de uma cascata de sinalizações intermoleculares, onde participam algumas moléculas, como as integrinas e as quimiocinas. Os receptores Eph, que compõem a maior família de receptores tirosina-quinase, representam importantes moléculas reguladoras do desenvolvimento de sistemas e órgãos, sendo encontrados também no tecido linfóide. Mais recentemente, essa família de receptores, juntamente com seus ligantes, efrinas, foi descrita como moléculas co-estimulatórias de sinais transmitidos em linfócitos T pelo receptor de antígeno, por quimiocinas e integrinas. Neste contexto, o objetivo central deste trabalho foi o de avaliar as possíveis funções dos receptores Eph, em particular EphB2, em modular a atividade migratória de precursores T durante os processos de colonização do timo e maturação intratímica de linfócitos. Nossos resultados demonstram a expressão dos receptores EphB2 no timo de camundongos e a sua participação tanto nos processos iniciais da organogênese do timo, quanto na diferenciação intratímica de timócitos. Este receptor, assim como seus principais ligantes, também é expresso em células precursoras derivadas da medula óssea de camundongos e é capaz de modular a migração e a capacidade de entrada destes precursores em lóbulos tímicos alinfóides. Além disso, vimos que a falta deste receptor, ou de seu domínio catalítico tirosina-quinase, promove uma redução na deposição de proteínas da matriz extracelular e de quimiocinas no timo, assim como resulta em importante inibição da entrada dos precursores hematopoiéticos neste órgão. De igual maneira, o desequilíbrio dos sinais transmitidos pelo complexo EphB2/efrina-B impede o correto posicionamento intratímico destes precursores, possivelmente levando a um bloqueio na maturação dos timócitos. Finalmente, demonstramos que a ausência do receptor ou dos sinais EphB2 não modifica os níveis de expressão de outros receptores como integrinas e receptores de quimiocina nos precursores hematopoiéticos e timócitos, mas possivelmente modula sua atividade e, desta forma, a atividade migratória destas células frente a estímulos hapto e quimiotáticos. Em conjunto, nossos resultados apontam uma importante participação dos sinais desencadeados pelo complexo Eph/efrina e sua co-regulação com outros receptores que modulam o processo de migração dos precursores de células T, desde sua entrada no timo, até o seu correto desenvolvimento e migração dentro deste órgão.

Erythropoietin-producing Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Receptor B1 Polymorphisms are Associated with HBV-infected Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Korean Population

Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma receptor B1 (EPHB1) is a member of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate vascular system development. Eph receptor overexpression has been observed in various cancers and is related to the malignant transformation, metastasis, and differentiation of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eph receptors regulate cell migration and attachment to the extracellular matrix by modulating integrin activity. EphrinB1, the ligand of EPHB1, has been shown to regulate HCC carcinogenesis. Here, we sought to determine whether EPHB1 polymorphisms are associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected liver diseases, including chronic liver disease (CLD) and HCC. We genotyped 26 EPHB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 399 Korean CLD, HCC, and LD (CLD+HCC) cases and seroconverted controls (HBV clearance, CLE) using the GoldenGate assay. Two SNPs (rs6793828 and rs11717042) and 1 haplotype that were composed of these SNPs were associated with an increased risk for CLD, HCC, and LD (CLD+HCC) compared with CLE. Haplotypes that could be associated with HBV-infected liver diseases by affecting downstream signaling were located in the Eph tyrosine kinase domain of EPHB1. Therefore, we suggest that EPHB1 SNPs, haplotypes, and diplotypes may be genetic markers for the progression of HBV-associated acute hepatitis to CLD and HCC.

Over-expression of EphrinA2 in the Anterior Region of the Developing Mouse Midbrain and Diencephalon / 대한해부학회지

The Eph family is thought to exert its function through the complementary expression of receptors and ligands. The dorsal mesencephalon appears to be segmented into two broad regions demarcated by the mutually exclusive expression of EphA receptors and ephrinA ligands. In this study, we analyzed transgenic embryos expressing ephrinA2 in the anterior region of the developing midbrain where the EphA8 receptor is expressed. First, 1% of transgenic embryos showed cephalic neural tube closure defects. Second, it was confirmed that mis-expression of ephrin-A2 in the anterior mesencephalon induced an increase in the EphA8 tyrosine kinase activity. Accordingly, an increased MAPK activity was also detected in the anterior mesencephalon of E14.5 transgenic embryo. Third, cell adhesion assay revealed that mis-expression of ephrinA2 promoted cell attachment to fibronectin. Taken together, these findings suggest that co-expression of EphA receptors and ephrinA ligands significantly alter cell behaviors including cell adhesion.

Multiple Regulation of Roundabout (Robo) Phosphorylation in a Heterologous Cell System

Roundabout (Robo) is the transmembrane receptor for slit, the neuronal guidance molecule. In this study, the tyrosine phosphorylation of Robo was observed in Robo-transfected human embryonic kidney cells and developing rat brains, and found to be increased by the treatment with protein kinase A activator, forskolin. In contrast, protein kinase C activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate decreased the phosphorylation of Robo. Intracellular calcium was required for the tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, the transfection of an Eph receptor tyrosine kinase dramatically enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings indicate that the tyrosine phosphorylation of Robo is regulated by multiple mechanisms, and that Eph receptor kinases may play a role in the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Robo in the rat brain.